What Is Bee Propolis

Honey bees are best known for making honey, and to a lesser degree, for making beeswax. But honey bees also make another product—bee propolis. Bee Glue Bee propolis is a sticky, brown substance sometimes known as bee glue. The honey bees gather tree resin, the main ingredient in propolis, from buds and cracks in the bark. The bees add salivary secretions to the resin by chewing on it and add beeswax to the mix. Propolis has a little pollen in it, too. When analyzed, propolis contains about 50% resin, 30% wax and oils, 10% salivary secretions, 5% pollen, and 5% amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. The honey bee workers use propolis as a construction material, similar to plaster or caulk. They cover the interior surfaces of the hive with it and fill any gaps and cracks. Bees also use it to strengthen their honeycomb. In a man-made hive box, the bees will use propolis to seal the lid and hive boxes together. The beekeeper uses a special hive tool to break the propolis seal and remove the lid. Propolis May Have Therapeutic Qualities Propolis is known to have antimicrobial properties, and many scientists are studying the potential uses of propolis as a therapy for certain diseases. Propolis is particularly effective at killing the microorganisms that cause gum disease. It has also been shown to be effective at inhibiting the growth of certain cancers. Sources Beekeepers Association Newsletter, Mississippi State University (Jan. 2006).Understanding the Honey Bee, Purdue University.

Essay on Othello One of Shakespeares Tragic Heroes

Othello: One of Shakespeares Tragic Heroes Othello is one of Shakespeares tragic heroes. Othello is a well-respected character in this play. Othello is portrayed as a man with much greatness. Othello is tragic hero because he has a fault in his character that brings his death to others. Unquestionably, Othellos downfall is brought about during the course of this Shakespearean drama. Othello is a general and others such as Iago and Roderigo who are envious of the power and the respect shown to him despite his colour. The introduction of Othello to the audience reflects Shakespeares use of the art of subtlety. Othello is not introduced to us directly but through the impressions of others,†¦show more content†¦Iago is a very powerful character in Act one scene one. Iago is very good at using people and manipulating them for his own purposes. Shakespeare gives the audience an idea of the characteristics of Othello before he is on stage, through the words of Iago in particular. Through Iago and Roderigo, Shakepeare portrays Othello as a subject of hates and despises Roderigo: Thou toldST me thou didst hold him in thy hate (Act 1, scene 1, line 7) Iago gives an early indication to the audience that Othello is a man of poor judgement. Othello, so unfair in his appointment of a lieutenant that he promoted an inexperienced Michael Cassio, who had never set squadron in the field and knew little more of the strategy of war than mere theory and boastful talk, whilst overlooking the supposedly tried, tested and more deserving Iago himself. In response to this, Roderigo expresses his loathing of Othello, stating: Roderigo: By heaven, I would rather have been his hangman. (Act 1, scene 1 line 34) This proves to the audience Roderigos hatered for Othello. Iago and Roderigo are not loyal and do not want to serve under Othello. They believe Othello is unfair. These accusations are later proved false when the audience see and hear Othello on stage. As Othellos character continues to be discussed by Iago and Roderigo, derogatory references are madeShow MoreRelatedThe Self Defeat of Heroes in Shakespeares Tragedies: A Character Analysis of Hamlet and Othello1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Self-Defeat of Heroes in Shakespeares Tragedies: A Character Analysis of Hamlet and Othello Introduction Aristotle asserted that all tragic heroes had fundamental flaws that were the source of their undoing, and that were typically the source of their initial success, as well. Oedipus thinks he acts with justice, wisdom, and the assurance of success, and these things also cause him to completely destroy himself when he discovers the truth of his situation, as one prominent example. TheRead More Women as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of William Shakespeare1219 Words   |  5 PagesWomen as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of Shakespeare    It is the very error of the moon; She comes more nearer earth than she was wont, And makes men mad. (Othello 5.2.112-14)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The moon is often seen in literature as an allegory for love, virtue, and chastity. In Shakespeares comedies, especially, the moon is personified as Diana, the Roman goddess of chastity. In these comedies, the foolish antics of lovers (literally, lunatics) usually occur under theRead MoreA Comparative of Shakespeares Othello and Oedipus Rex1511 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparative of Shakespeare’s Othello and Oedipus Rex In Shakespeare’s work Othello: The Moor of Venice, Othello’s over trusting nature was revealed when his trust in false accusations about his wife Desdemona’s unfaithfulness causes him to kill her and himself, conveying Othello as a tragic hero. Oedipus, the main character in Oedipus Rex, is characterized as a tragic hero when he tries to run away from his fate and finds out that the cause of his fate was his attempt to escape it. Oedipus RexRead MoreWhat Are The Similarities Between Macbeth And Othello1267 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is the playwright in which the works of Macbeth and Othello are written . These works are both written in Shakespeares signature style of tragedy where a character experiences a reversal of fortune at the hands of their own actions. A true tragic hero is a character who is admired while being flawed; has both good and evil characteristics; experiences a hamartia, a moral mistake or ignorant error; is given an opportunit y for redemption yet continues refusing; experiences theRead MoreA Play of Love Turned Bad: Shakespeares Othello Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s famous play Othello is a play of love that has turned bad by the unfounded jealousy of the protagonist character Othello. Arguably the contribution of Othello’s susceptibility to manipulation, his weaknesses and the manipulation of other characters tactics such as Iago each contribute to the downfall of Othello. However, to the extent of which each is more significant varies and this is what will be analysed in this essay. Like many of Shakespeare’s tragic plays each has to have aRead More Shakespeare - Tragic Heros Essay625 Words   |  3 Pages The name amp;quot;tragic heroamp;quot;, which has become synonymous with Shakespearean dramas, was developed before Hamlet, Macbeth or any of Shakespeare’s well-known plays were written. The literary term was actually discovered around 330 BC by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Through his theory of catharsis, Aristotle debated that the great plays of Sophicles, Euripides, and other Greek playwrights contained tragic heroes similar to each other, which all portrayed four basic characteristicsRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare913 Words   |  4 Pagesdeath of a beloved character. Tragic heroes serve as a mirror for the audience in that as a tragedy progresses, the audience may see their personal experiences and views within it. William Shakespeare’s representation of a moor in his play, Othello, is a personification of a classical tragic hero, whereas Troy Maxson, the protagonist in Fences by August Wilson, serves as an example of a modern tra gic hero. Shakespeare and Wilson utilize characteristics of tragic heroes— hamartia, hubris, peripeteiaRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello As A Tragic Hero1323 Words   |  6 PagesIn literature tragic heroes can be defined as a character that makes a flawed judgment that inevitably leads to their own demise. William Shakespeare’s Othello the Moore of Venice is a play about a heroic individual that goes through a tragic event based on his decisions throughout the play. Many of the characters that Shakespeare presents in his plays reveal attitudes and value that is reflective of both the Elizabethan society in sixteenth century England and William Shakespeare; these values areRead MoreTragic Hero in Othelo by William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesConventions of Othello Shakespeare has been a part of the American Society for many years. Compared to other Authors, he has a different style of writing but within his own writings, they are all very much alike. He has written many plays including Othello and Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare was a man who wrote plays that followed the same literary conventions. These conventions included tragic hero, fallacy, irony, and also suspense. A tragic hero is a male figure who is high in society and one who alwaysRead MoreOthello As A Tragic Hero Analysis1368 Words   |  6 PagesShoshana Ginsbury ‘Until Act 111 Scene iii, Othello is presented as the archetypal tragic hero’- to what extent to you agree with this statement? William Shakespeare’s 1603 play Othello narrates the ill-fated relationship between black general Othello and white Venetian Desdemona, set against a background of war and a strict social hierarchy. Until Act 111 Scene iii of this play, Shakespeare arguably presents the titular character Othello as the archetypal tragic hero. Arguments to support this view include

Arrival Speech of Ninoy Aquino Essay Example For Students

Arrival Speech of Ninoy Aquino Essay Arrival Speech of Ninoy Aquino I have returned on my free will to join the ranks of those struggling to restore our rights and freedoms through non-violence. I seek no confrontation. I only pray and will strive for a genuine national reconciliation founded on justice. I am prepared for the worst, and have decided against the advice of my mother, my spiritual adviser, many of my tested friends and a few of my most valued political mentors. A death sentence awaits me. Two more subversion charges, both calling for death penalties, have been filed since I left three years ago and are now pending with the courts. Three years ago when I left for an emergency heart bypass operation, I hoped and prayed that the rights and freedoms of our people would soon be restored, that living conditions would improve and that blood-letting would stop. I could have opted to seek political asylum in America, but I feel it is my duty, as it is the duty of every Filipino, to suffer with his people especially in time of crisis. I never sought not have I been given any assurances, or promise of leniency by the regime. I return voluntarily armed only with a clear conscience and fortified in the faith that in the end, justice will emerge triumphant. According to Gandhi, the willing sacrifice of the innocent is the most powerful answer to insolent tyranny that has yet been conceived by God and man. Rather than move forward we have moved backward. The killings have increased, the economy has taken a turn for the worse and the human rights situation has deteriorated. During the martial law period, the Supreme Court heard petitions for habeas corpus. It is most ironic after martial law has allegedly been lifted, that the Supreme Court last April ruled it can longer entertain petitions for habeas corpus for person detained under the Presidential Commitment Order, which covers all so-called national security cases and which under present circumstances can cover almost anything. The country is far advanced in her times of trouble. Economic, social and political problems bedevil the Filipino. These problems may be surmounted if we are united. But we can be united only if all the rights and freedoms enjoyed before September 21, 1972 are fully restored. The Filipino asked for nothing more, but will surely accept nothing less, than all the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the 1935 constitution – the most sacred legacies from the founding fathers. Yes, the Filipino is patient, but there is a limit to his patience. Must we wait until that patience snaps? The nationwide rebellion is escalating and threatens to explode into a bloody revolution. There is a growing cadre of young Filipinos who have finally come to realize that freedom is never granted, it is taken. Must we relive the agonies and the blood-letting of the past that brought forth our republic or can we sit down as brothers and sisters and discuss our differences with reason and goodwill? I have often wondered how many disputes could have been settled easily had the disputants only dared to define their terms. So as to leave no room for misunderstanding, I shall define my terms: Six years ago, I was sentenced to die before a firing squad by a military tribunal whose jurisdiction I steadfastly refused to recognize. It is now time for the regime to decide. Order my immediate execution or set me free. I was sentenced to die for allegedly being the leading communist leader. I am not a communist, never was and never will be. National reconciliation and unity can be achieved, but only with justice, including justice for our Muslim and Ifugao brothers. There can be no deal with a dictator. No compromise with dictatorship. .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 , .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .postImageUrl , .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 , .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:hover , .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:visited , .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:active { border:0!important; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:active , .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871 .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1eb6bde1edb5d4888956b5030bf1c871:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Schools: Comparison Between Canada and Taiwan Scho EssayIn a revolution there can really be no victors, only victims. We do not have to destroy in order to build. Subversion stems from economic, social, and political causes and will not be solved by purely military solution: It can be curbed not with ever increasing repression but with a more equitable distribution of wealth, more democracy and more freedom. For the economy to get going once again, the working man must be given his just and rightful share or his labor, and to the owners and managers must be restored the hope where there is so must uncertainty if not despair. On one of the long corridors of Harvard University are carved in granite the words of Archibald Macleish: ‘How shall freedom be defended? By arms when it is attacked by arms; by truth when it is attacked by lies; by democratic faith when it is attacked by authoritarian dogma. Always and in the final act, by determination and faith. ’ I return from exile and an uncertain future with only determination and faith to offer – faith in our people and faith in God

Amazon.Com Executive Summary free essay sample

Amazon uses the components of a database to create usable knowledge for people. Amazon is moving away from being a just an online retailer and is competing with Google and Microsoft through business to business transactions based in data storage and data imagery. Many new components are used in Amazons Elastic Cloud Computing application to create data images for multiple user interfaces. Database Components used by Amazon. com: Data management issues The components of a of a database are a logical grouping of data, tables, fields, values, query, forms, reports, modules and data base management system according to Rainer and Turban (2008). Amazon provides data storage (S3), applications they call elastic cloud computing (EC2), simpleDB and Mechanical Turk to other businesses. When businesses use S3 through Amazon special software extracts data from businesses and sends it to a data warehouse in summary form. Using EC2 users are able to design their own software applications (Myerson, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Amazon.Com Executive Summary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The database components of EC2 very by region but contain Images, Security Groups, SSH Keys, Elastic IPs, EBS Volumes, EBS Snapshots that can not be shared between regions (Right Scale, 2009). All obtained from businesses for EC2 are an image of the original. According to Amazon (2009) simple DB is a web application that allows users to interact with data indexing and querying quickly because it does not store the data in raw form. Amazon offers a service which it calls the Mechanical Turk. Information is processed by humans and converted to usable knowledge through this service. The Mechanical Turk provides access to networks of people who process information that can only be processed by the human mind. End users can see the results of the EC2 service and the Mechanical Turk (Rainer Turban, p. 26). Data, information, and knowledge Amazon. com: e-business and e-commerce for B2B and B2C According to Rainer and Turban (2008) Business to business (B2B) entails all transactions made between businesses. Rainer and Turban (2008) also suggest that business to customer (B2C) entails all transactions made between businesses and customers. Rainer and Turban (2008) discuss transaction made over the internet as E-Commerce. E-business means all online transactions including all Internet based interactions with B2B and B2C; E-business transforms business processes for high efficiency (Rainer and Turban, 2008). Amazon uses S3, EC2, SimpleDB and the Mechanical Turk to create an even flow of data that is converted into information for businesses by applications created by users in the EC2 service. The information is converted into knowledge for customers and businesses by the Mechanical Turk. Amazon uses both e-business and e-eCommerce to service its customers, collaborate with partners and perform electronic transactions between organizations. Amazon sells products to businesses and organizations electronically from an e-marketplace. Amazon invites individuals to its site to view catalogs and place orders. Uses of the Amazon. com database: data management issues Amazon encounters problems with managing some data, like any organization dealing with large databases. The Mechanical Turk system is only as reliable as the network of people supporting it. The S3 product, which stores data for clients, will continue to received large amounts of data which must be readily available for the people who use it. When converting the data into information and applications using the EC2 product, which is a cloud computing service that Amazon offers, Amazon will need to support people who do not have much experience with computing. EC2 creates images of user data and an image has the distinct ability to become corrupted overtime through application bugs and human error. Much of the data management problem is due to human error (Rainer Turban, pp. 26 and 106). Reese (2008) suggests that nobody knows how well Amazon is protecting information in the EC2 cloud. The cloud doesn’t operate with a firewall and if someone successfully subpoenaed Amazon for all there data, personal data would be included. Movement away from being a leading online retailer Amazon is moving away from being a leading online retailer because of increasing competition and overspending on infrastructure. According to Rainer and Turban (2008), Amazon was not using up to 90% of its computing capacity and made the good economical decision to increase profits by decreasing its expenses on unused infrastructure and compete in the markets of data storage, computing, travel and financial services, web hosting, and film and software development, which changed the companies overall direction. Amazon. om is competes with Googleâ„ ¢ and Microsoft ® Microsoft and Google are offering products similar to Amazon’s S3 product and EC2 product. Microsoft entered into the business of cloud computing on the back of Amazon but has more money, fully developed relationships with third-party developers and a superior background in building software platforms. The offering that Google and Microsoft are supplying and Amazon is competing with is Simple storage service. Microsoft’s cloud computing service is called Windows AZURE (Reuters and Newscientist, 2008). Windows Azure features computer processing, storage hosting and web application management from Microsoft data centers (Microsoft, 2009). Amazon is saving on operating costs and putting its currently unused infrastructure to work by making it available for rent to other companies and individuals who need it (Rainer Turban, 2008). Conclusion Amazon has proven that its business decisions are sound, safe, reliable and profitable. Amazon remains profitable because it continues to discover new ways to enhance the stability and growth of its business. When many e-companies went out of business after the dot-com bubble burst, Amazon persevered. Amazon maintained a steady course and its wise decision-making proved profitable. References Amazon web services, (2009). Amazon SimpleDB. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from Amazon Web Services Web site: http://aws. amazon. com/simpledb/ Microsoft, (2009). Windows azure. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from Azure services platform Web site: http://www. microsoft. com/azure/windowsazure. mspx Myerson, Judith (2008, May 13). Creating application with amazon EC2 and S3. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from OREILLY ONLamp. com Web site: http://www. onlamp. com/pub/a/onlamp/2008/05/13/creating-applications-with-amazon-ec2-and-s3. html Rainer, K. R. , Turban, E. , (Ed. ). (2009). Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Retrieved May 2, 2009, from BIS 219. Reese, G. (2008, November 3). Key security issues for the amazon cloud. Retrieved May 4, 2009, from OReilly Web site: http://broadcast. oreilly. om/2008/11/key-security-issues-for-the-am. html Reuters and Newscientist, (2008). Microsoft announces windows for the cloud. Retrieved April 29, 2009, from Newscientists Tech Web site: http://www. newscientist. com/article/dn15053-microsoft-announces-windows-for-the-cloud. html Right Scale, (2009). EC2 regions: US EU. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Right Scale Web site: http://wiki. rightscale. com/index. php? title=2. _References/02-Cloud_Infrastructures/01-Amazon_Web_Services_(AWS)/02-Amazon_EC2/EC2_Regions:__EC2-US_%26_EC2-EU

American Revolution or Evolution free essay sample

Doesnt it enthrall one that a single word could bifurcate scholars and create factions amongst the erudite. Tort quo © (why? ) there must be a reason and there is! The answer is simple yet rational: Perspective. Albert Einstein, (the famous physicist) most remembered by his theory of relativity, concluded that distance and time were not absolute. History resides In the same niche. It Is more than a chronological account of past events of a period or a livelihood or development of a people, an institution, or a place. But what it is not is absolute. It is always left upon interpretation, scrutiny, analysis, probing and pondering. The perception or perspective gained through such rigorous processes is also subject to the base of a historian. It Is very uncommon to find historians sharing their bases of initial learning and therefore the effect of their own era, age, surroundings and upbringing must also be taken account of. We will write a custom essay sample on American Revolution or Evolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A revolution, defined by Encyclopedia Britannica Is: a major. Sudden, and hence typically a violent alteration in government and in related associations and structures.On the other hand Oxford dictionary defines an evolution as: the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form. Let us decide upon the usage of the word Revolution, which one can venture out to say, could be dated from the year 1775 with Its Ignition being the battle of Lexington and Concord and culmination being the ratification of the constitution of the states In 1782. Seemingly easy doesnt It? It doesnt really respond to how fundamentally did the thoughts, ideals, ideology and mindset of a 2. 5 million inhabitants change and led to the chain of events that became known as the American Revolution.What I believe Is that no people In the course of history have ever rebelled against a certain state, condition or Ideology without a buildup of grievances, resentment or a gradual shift of attitude towards accepting a better sadomasochism. Lets go back to the early 17th century when immigrations began to take place into the New World. Herds of folks comprising of German, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, Jewish descent and not to mention the French Hugeness, began pouring into the lands in order to escape from the fetters of the Old World.They did not have any more an appetite for its rituals, its citrines, Its curbing of call liberties, and mostly the cost of living In It, One can even of the aforementioned causes. So it would be appropriate to say that a 17th ce ntury Europe was in revolution. Lets go further with this theory and say that the immigrants reaching the New World were revolutionaries. Almost 1 50 years of Paxar Americana (used strictly in context with the time period and not according to current usage) so to say was enjoyed by the colonists. During this time, some changes irrevocably did take place.This is evident from the fact that the language that the sorority of the immigrants originally spoke had evolved into a different dialect. So from this we can also entrust upon the belief that alongside linguistics political and socio-economic changes did also take place. A political change that actually began with the migrations was the rise of a political ideology known as Republicanism. Technically ruled by Great Britain or more accurately looked over, the colonies practiced the policy through their town halls and city councils. Very famous examples of such republican instruments were the Virginia House of Burgesses and theMassachusetts Assembly. These were regulated by either representative or direct democracy. The symbol of democracy at the time was looked upon as the House of Commons in England, however it did seem a bit more than contradicting to have the Bucking Palace towering high in the very country. The colonists did give their allegiances to the monarch but because of the fact that it was kind of conditional. Although they did not realize it nor was it formally declared but they remained docile because they were never tampered by British legislations.They had during this time, rated their own principles, created their own system of Jurisprudence, law, Justice, methods of trade, commerce, education, agriculture etc. When after the French and Indian war, the British began actively participating in the earlier enumerated colonial components of society; it wouldve obviously been not received glad hand edly by the Colonists as it did not. Lets now examine the economic evolution that took place to ensure Americas Independence. The 150 year old period was in terms of trade and commerce coined as a period of salutary neglect.For the colonists it brought economic prosperity and industrialization. For the British it was shooting themselves in the foot. Intentional lax in order to show the appreciation for economic freedom while regulating the policy of mercantilism. Does it make any sense? One would question Robert Walpole sanity between all of this; however he is not our subject of concern. What you shall so sow so shall you reap; a very old and passed around saying isnt it? But it does make sense in the context. The British for a very long period of time followed the policy and he colonist enjoyed its benefits.Smuggling was nothing out of the blue, very common. Other European nations also benefited from it, the Colonial agriculture products such as hay, wheat, barley, maize and cotton were valued highly in foreign markets. When the British annoyed at Colonial stubbornness to pay taxes, passed the writs of assistance; there was an outrage. There had to be one, like it did, smuggling was not put up with anymore and a flow of revenue generation created as a result of foreign trade stagnated. How were the merchants to run their businesses without the redeem of trading being allowed to them as it had always been?Hence there was an outcry by the merchants who went bankrupt as a result of such legislation. Somewhere or another. The country was not at all familiar with taxes; once again it is necessary to mention that when we talk about being not being tampered for almost 150 years it is meant more than it sounds. Citizens in Britain were obliged to pay taxes, however their brethren in the New World were not. I do at times believe that absolute freedom corrupts absolutely, there should be some harnesses or bridles put n in order to let civility root in or in this case for rule to sustain.When suddenly exposed to direct taxes such as Stamp Act and Sugar Acts why would it not cause havoc with in the colonists? It would lead to acrimony towards the crown like it did, it would lead to mass protests like it did and would lead to severing of ties like it did. In the beginning I wrote about how a historical event is subject to independent interpretation. How historians may or may not agree on something because of the different elements molding the shape of the basis for their knowledge.I must confess that it is no t arbitrary and applies to myself as it does to any other individual. I believe that evolution without revolution is lame and revolution without evolution blind, very similar to what Einstein said about religion and science. One thing is for certain though, nothing is by nature revolutionary. There has to be friction to beget fire. During the 150 year period evolutionary changes in political beliefs, social policies and economic mechanisms did take place otherwise the colonists wouldve never armed themselves to teeth and hoisted the flag of revolution.

Vascular Dementia Essays

Vascular Dementia Essays Vascular Dementia Paper Vascular Dementia Paper Background Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer disease (AD). The condition is not a single disease; it is a group of syndromes relating to different vascular mechanisms. Vascular dementia is preventable; therefore, early detection and an accurate diagnosis are important. Patients who have had a stroke are at increased risk for vascular dementia. Recently, vascular lesions have been thought to play a role in AD. As early as 1899, arteriosclerosis and senile dementia were described as different syndromes. In 1969, Mayer-Gross et al described this syndrome and reported that hypertension is the cause in approximately 50% of patients. In 1974, Hachinski et al coined the term multi-infarct dementia. In 1985, Loeb used the broader term vascular dementia. Recently, Bowler and Hachinski introduced a new term, vascular cognitive impairment. Pathophysiology Many subtypes of vascular dementia have been described to date. The spectrum includes (1) mild vascular cognitive impairment, (2) multi-infarct dementia, (3) vascular dementia due to a strategic single infarct, (4) vascular dementia due to lacunar lesions, (5) vascular dementia due to hemorrhagic lesions, (6) Binswanger disease, (7) subcortical vascular dementia, and (8) mixed dementia (combination of AD and vascular dementia). Vascular dementia is sometimes further classified as cortical or subcortical dementia. Vascular disease produces either focal or diffuse effects on the brain and causes cognitive decline. Focal cerebrovascular disease occurs secondary to thrombotic or embolic vascular occlusions. Common areas of the brain associated with cognitive decline are the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres and the deep gray nuclei, especially the striatum and the thalamus. Hypertension is the major cause of diffuse disease, and in many patients, both focal and diffuse disease are observed together. The 3 most common mechanisms of vascular dementia are multiple cortical infarcts, a strategic single infarct, and small vessel disease. Mild vascular cognitive impairment can occur in elderly persons. It is associated with cognitive decline that is worse than expected for age and educational level, but the effects do not meet the criteria for dementia and are not associated with vascular risk factors or evidence of silent strokes or extensive white matter infarcts on CT scanning. These people have subjective and objective evidence of memory problems, but their daily functional living skills are within normal limits. In multi-infarct dementia, the combined effects of different infarcts produce cognitive decline by affecting the neural nets. In single-infarct dementia, different areas in the brain can be affected, which may result in significant impairment in cognition. This may be observed in cases of anterior cerebral artery infarct, parietal lobe infarcts, thalamic infarction, and singular gyrus infarction. Small vessel disease affects all the small vessels of the brain and produces 2 major syndromes, Binswanger disease and lacunar state. Small vessel disease results in arterial wall changes, expansion of the Virchow-Robin spaces, and perivascular parenchymal rarefaction and gliosis. Lacunar disease is due to small vessel occlusions and produces small cavitary lesions within the brain parenchyma secondary to occlusion of small penetrating arterial branches. These lacunae are found more typically in the internal capsule, deep gray nuclei, and white matter. Lacunar state is a condition in which numerous lacunae, which indicate widespread severe small vessel disease, are present. Binswanger disease (also known as subcortical leukoencephalopathy) is due to diffuse white matter disease. In Binswanger disease, vascular changes observed are fibrohyalinosis of the small arteries and fibrinoid necrosis of the larger vessels inside the brain. In cerebral amyloid angiopathy–associated vasculopathy, aneurysm formation and stenosis in the leptomeningeal and cortical vessels cause damage to the subcortical white matter. In hereditary cystatin-C amyloid angiopathy, patients have recurrent cerebral hemorrhages before age 40 years that can lead to dementia. Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy is a rare autosomal dominant condition localized to chromosome arm 19q12 that affects small vessels supplying the deep white matter. Pathologically, multiple small infarcts are observed in the white matter, thalamus, basal ganglia, and pons. Other less common syndromes may lead to vascular dementia. Rare arteriopathies such as inflammatory arteriopathy (eg, polyarteritis nodosa, temporal arteritis) and noninflammatory arteriopathy (eg, moyamoya disease, fibromuscular dysplasia) can cause multiple infarcts and can lead to vascular dementia. Hypoperfusion due to large vessel or cardiac disease can affect the watershed areas of the brain and lead to vascular dementia. Leukoaraiosis  greater than  25%  is considered to be pathological. Subcortical vascular dementia  is a diffuse  small vessel disease with minimal or absent infarction with  homogenous pathological and clinical features. Mixed dementia is diagnosed when patients have evidence of Alzheimer dementia and cerebrovascular disease, either clinically or based on neuroimaging evidence of ischemic lesions. Growing evidence indicates that vascular dementia and Alzheimer dementia often coexist, especially in older patients with dementia. Autopsy studies have shown the association between AD and vascular lesions.3 Several recent studies also suggest that the risk of developing AD is increased when a patient is exposed to vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, and smoking, which usually are associated with cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia. Recent evidence suggests that the vascular processes in both disorders may mutually induce each other. Apolipoprotein E may play a role in AD and vascular dementia. Apolipoprotein E-IV also increases the risk of dementia in stroke survivors and is a strong risk factor for the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in patients with AD. In elderly individuals, many cases of dementia may be caused by the cumulative effect of cerebrovascular and Alzheimer pathology. One-third of patients with vascular dementia are found to have significant Alzheimer disease pathology with cholinergic deficits in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Vascular cognitive disorder (VCD) is a new term used to describe a particular constellation of cognitive and functional impairment spectrum that  ranges from vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) to  subcortical vascular dementia, poststroke dementia, and mixed dementia.2 Medical Care The mainstay of management of vascular dementia is the prevention of new strokes. This includes administering antiplatelet drugs and controlling major vascular risk factors. Aspirin has also been found to slow the progression of vascular dementia. Recent guidelines from the American Psychiatric Association provide both treatment principles and possible specific therapies. Drug treatment is primarily used to prevent further worsening of vascular dementia by treating the underlying disease such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. Antiplatelet agents are indicated. Pentoxifylline and, to a more limited extent, ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine), may be useful for increasing cerebral blood flow. In the European Pentoxifylline Multi-Infarct Dementia Study, which is a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study, treatment with pentoxifylline was found to be beneficial for patients with multi-infarct dementia. Significant improvement was observed in the scales used for assessing intellectual and cognitive function. Neuroprotective drugs such as nimodipine, propentofylline, and posatirelin are currently under study and may be useful for vascular dementia. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of the cholinergic system in vascular dementia, similar to that seen in Alzheimer dementia. However, no cholinesterase inhibitors have been approved to date for the treatment of vascular dementia, despite positive results in clinical trials with this medication. The general management of dementia includes appropriate referral to community services, judgment and decision-making regarding legal and ethical issues (eg, driving, competency, advance directives), and consideration of caregiver stress. Diet In the Rotterdam study, an increased risk of vascular dementia was associated with total fat intake, whereas fish consumption was inversely related to dementia. Low levels of folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 are associated with increased homocysteine levels, a risk factor for stroke.

English 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

English 101 - Essay Example This provided her both with few playmates and multiple teachers, so that she learned to read, write and compute mathematics early and without apparent effort. However, she credits the youngest of her older brothers for the life-giving lessons of how to sit a wild horse on a wild ride in the middle of a battlefield. â€Å"Sometimes, in later yeas, when I found myself suddenly on a strange horse in a trooper’s saddle, flying for life or liberty in front of pursuit, I blessed the baby lessons of the wild gallops among the beautiful colts† (Barton, 1907: 20). After a relatively common childhood for her time period, marked by particular attention to her education thanks to the influence of brothers and sisters, Clara’s first brush with the field of nursing came as she was helping her brother, David Barton, recover from a fall that had him incapacitated for approximately 2 years (Barton, 1907: 79-88). From this experience, the young girl began moving ever closer to the nursing profession. Following the Battle of Bull Run near the beginning of the Civil War, Barton began her work as a nurse, organizing the collection and distribution of necessary medical supplies and gaining permission to ride behind the lines and in the mobile ambulance wagons to provide medical assistance to wounded soldiers on the field. Her tireless efforts earned her the nickname of ‘Angel of the Battlefield’ and she was eventually appointed the superintendent of nurses in 1861. By 1869, though, she was taking her skills to Europe to help in the Franco-Prussian War. It was in Switzerland that she first learned of the European organization already in existence there called the Red Cross. Although an attempt had already been made to establish a branch in the United States well before Barton went to Europe, this was her first time to hear of it and she spent the rest of her time in Europe learning more about it. When